Turkish cuisine

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Turkish cuisine (Turkish: Türk mutfa??) is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian, Middle Eastern and Balkan cuisines. Turkish cuisine has in turn influenced those and other neighbouring cuisines, including those of Southeast Europe (Balkans), Central Europe, and Western Europe. The Ottomans fused various culinary traditions of their realm with influences from Levantine cuisines, along with traditional Turkic elements from Central Asia (such as yogurt and mant?), creating a vast array of specialities--many with strong regional associations.

Turkish cuisine varies across the country. The cooking of Istanbul, Bursa, Izmir, and rest of the Asia Minor region inherits many elements of Ottoman court cuisine, with a lighter use of spices, a preference for rice over bulgur, koftes and a wider availability of vegetable stews (türlü), eggplant, stuffed dolmas and fish. The cuisine of the Black Sea Region uses fish extensively, especially the Black Sea anchovy (hamsi) and includes maize dishes. The cuisine of the southeast (e.g. Urfa, Gaziantep, and Adana) is famous for its variety of kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava, ?öbiyet, kaday?f, and künefe.

Especially in the western parts of Turkey, where olive trees grow abundantly, olive oil is the major type of oil used for cooking. The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions are rich in vegetables, herbs, and fish. Central Anatolia has many famous specialties, such as ke?kek, mant? (especially from Kayseri) and gözleme. Food names directly cognate with mant? are found also in Chinese (mantou or steamed bun) and Korean cuisine (mandu).

A specialty's name sometimes includes that of a city or region, either in or outside of Turkey, and may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. For example, the difference between Urfa kebap and Adana kebap is the thickness of the skewer and the amount of hot pepper that the kebab contains. Urfa kebap is less spicy and thicker than Adana kebap. Although meat-based foods such as kebabs are the mainstay in Turkish cuisine as presented in foreign countries, native Turkish meals largely center around rice, vegetables, and bread.

Video Turkish cuisine

Culinary customs

Breakfast

Turks usually prefer a rich breakfast. A typical Turkish breakfast consists of cheese (beyaz peynir, ka?ar etc.), butter, olives, eggs, tomatoes, cucumbers, jam, honey, and kaymak, sucuk (spicy Turkish sausage, can be eaten with eggs), past?rma, börek, simit, po?aça and soups are eaten as a morning meal in Turkey. A specialty for breakfast is called menemen, which is prepared with tomatoes, green peppers, onion, olive oil and eggs. Invariably, Turkish tea is served at breakfast. The Turkish word for breakfast, kahvalt?, means "before coffee" (kahve, 'coffee'; alt?, 'under').

Homemade food

Homemade food is still preferred by Turkish people. Although the newly introduced way of life pushes the new generation to eat out, Turkish people generally prefer to eat at home. A typical meal starts with soup (especially in wintertime), followed by a dish made of vegetables or legumes boiled in a pot (typically with meat or minced meat), often with or before rice or bulgur pilav accompanied by a salad or cac?k (diluted cold yogurt dish with garlic, salt, and cucumber slices). In summertime many people prefer to eat a cold dish of vegetables cooked with olive oil (zeytinya?l? yemekler) instead of the soup, either before or after the main course, which can also be a chicken, meat or fish plate.

Restaurants

Although fast food is gaining popularity and many major foreign fast food chains have opened all over Turkey, Turkish people still rely primarily on the rich and extensive dishes of Turkish cuisine. In addition, some traditional Turkish foods, especially köfte, döner, kokoreç, kumpir midye tava börek and gözleme, are often served as fast food in Turkey. Eating out has always been common in large commercial cities. Esnaf lokantas? (meaning restaurants for shopkeepers and tradesmen) are widespread, serving traditional Turkish home cooking at affordable prices.

Summer cuisine

In the hot Turkish summer, a meal often consists of fried vegetables such as eggplant (aubergine) and peppers or potatoes served with yogurt or tomato sauce. Menemen and ç?lb?r are typical summer dishes, based on eggs. Sheep cheese, cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelons and melons also make a light summer meal. Those who like helva for dessert prefer summer helva, which is lighter and less sweet than the regular one.

Key ingredients

Frequently used ingredients in Turkish specialties include: lamb, beef, rice, fish, eggplants, green peppers, onions, garlic, lentils, beans, zucchinis and tomatoes. Nuts, especially pistachios, chestnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts, together with spices, have a special place in Turkish cuisine, and are used extensively in desserts or eaten separately. Semolina flour is used to make a cake called revani and irmik helvasi. Preferred spices and herbs include parsley, cumin, black pepper, paprika, mint, oregano, pul biber (red pepper), allspice, Urfa biber and thyme. Olives are also common on various breakfasts and meze tables frequently. In Turkey 'iftars' (the breaking of fasts) are generally opened with date palms. "Beyaz peynir" and yogurt are part of many dishes including börek, manti, kebab and cacik.

Oils and fats

Butter or margarine, olive oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, and corn oil are widely used for cooking. Sesame, hazelnut, peanut and walnut oils are used as well. Kuyruk ya?? (tail fat of sheep) is sometimes used in kebabs and meat dishes.

Fruit

The rich and diverse flora of Turkey means that fruit is varied, abundant and cheap. In Ottoman cuisine, fruit frequently accompanied meat as a side dish. Plums, apricots, pomegranates, pears, apples, grapes, and figs, along with many kinds of citrus are the most frequently used fruit, either fresh or dried, in Turkish cuisine. For example, komposto (compote) or ho?af (from Persian khosh âb, literally meaning "nice water") are among the main side dishes to meat or pilav. Dolma and pilaf usually contain currants or raisins. Etli yaprak sarma (vine leaves stuffed with meat and rice) used to be cooked with sour plums in Ottoman cuisine. Turkish desserts do not normally contain fresh fruit, but may contain dried varieties.

Eggplant (Turkish: patl?can) has a special place in the Turkish cuisine.

Meats

In some regions, meat, which was mostly eaten only at wedding ceremonies or during the Kurban Bayram? (Eid ul-Adha) as etli pilav (pilaf with meat), has become part of the daily diet since the introduction of industrial production. Veal, formerly shunned, is now widely consumed.

The main use of meat in cooking remains the combination of ground meat and vegetable, with names such as k?ymal? fasulye (beans with ground meat) or k?ymal? ?spanak (spinach with ground meat, which is sometimes served with yogurt).

Alternatively, in coastal towns cheap fish such as sardalya (sardines) or hamsi (anchovies) are widely available, as well as many others with seasonal availability. Poultry consumption, almost exclusively of chicken and eggs, is common. Milk-fed lambs, once the most popular source of meat in Turkey, comprise a small part of contemporary consumption. Kuzu çevirme, cooking milk-fed lamb on a spit, once an important ceremony, is rarely seen.

Maps Turkish cuisine

Dishes and foods

Dairy products

Yogurt is an important element in Turkish cuisine. In fact, the English word yogurt or yoghurt derives from the Turkish word yo?urt. Yogurt can accompany almost all meat dishes (kebabs, köfte), vegetable dishes (especially fried eggplant, courgette, spinach with minced meat etc.), meze and a specialty called mant? (folded triangles of dough containing minced meat). In villages, yogurt is regularly eaten with rice or bread. A thicker, higher-fat variety, süzme yo?urt or "strained yogurt", is made by straining the yogurt curds from the whey. One of the most common Turkish drinks, ayran, is made from yogurt. Also, yogurt is often used in the preparation of cakes, some soups and pastries.

Cheeses

Turkey produces many varieties of cheese, mostly from sheep's milk. In general, these cheeses are not long matured, with a comparatively low fat content. The production of many kinds of cheese is local to particular regions. By the tent

• Beyaz peynir is a salty brined cheese taking its name from its white color ("white cheese"). It is similar to feta but not as strong. This is produced in styles ranging from unmatured cheese curds to a quite strong mature version. It has many varieties due to source of milk, region (Ezine or Thrace) and production methods (classic or cultured). It is eaten plain (e.g. as part of the traditional Turkish breakfast), used in salads, and incorporated into cooked foods such as menemen, börek and pide.
• Çerkez peyniri, means "Circassian cheese". It has two variations, smoked or non-smoked.
• Çökelek is dried cottage cheese. There are many regional varieties of çökelek. Some are eaten fresh while others are preserved, either by storage in goatskin bags or pottery jars, or by drying in the sun.
• qurut and ke? are regional names for dried bricks of yogurt made from low-fat milk or from çökelek made from buttermilk.
• Gravyer (analogous to Swiss gruyere) is produced in Turkey as well. Among others, Kars is famous for its graviera.
• Hellim is a salty, firm-textured goat cheese, generally with some mint added, made in Northern Cyprus. In Turkey, it is common to fry hellim in a pan in some olive oil.
• Ka?ar is Turkey's other ubiquitous cheese, a moderately fatty sheep's cheese similar to the Greek kasseri, sometimes marketed as "Turkish cheddar", being closer in consistency and taste to mild cheddar-style cheese than other Turkish cheeses. Less matured ka?ar, called fresh ka?ar, is widely consumed as well. Two varieties are popular Kars and Thrace.
• Ka?kaval is a wheel-shaped yellow sheep's cheese, similar to fresh ka?ar. The name comes from Romanian word ca?caval, which bears the Italian structure of caciocavallo.
• Lor is the other type of unsalted whey cheese, similarly made from the whey left over from ka?ar or strained yogurt manufacture. Lor is used in traditional foods and desserts made from unsalted cheese like "ek?imik" and hö?merim
• Mihaliç peyniri or Kelle peyniri is a hard sheep's cheese that can be grated, like Parmesan cheese. Sometimes goat or cow milk is used. It is a specialty from Karacabey, a town in Bursa province which was called Mihaliç during Byzantine and Ottoman period. Mostly it produced from non-pastorized milk and processed by salt.
• Örgü peyniri, "braided cheese", is a specialty from Diyarbak?r.
• Otlu peynir ("herbed cheese") is produced in many areas, chiefly in East Anatolia. Traditionally sheep's or goat's milk is used, but more recently cow's milk otlu peynir has been produced. The type of herb used varies by region: in Van wild garlic is traditional; Bitlis otlu peynir contains a damp-loving herb known as sof otu. In other areas horse mint (Mentha longifolia) and Pimpinella rhodentha are used.
• Tulum is a mostly sheep's curd molded in an animal skin bag called as tulum. There are regional varieties of tulum peynir in such areas as ?zmir, Ödemi? and Erzincan. And each of tulum cheese have very different chrasteristics.

Soups

A Turkish meal usually starts with a thin soup (çorba). Soups are usually named after their main ingredient, the most common types being; mercimek (lentil) çorbas?, yogurt, or wheat (often mashed) called tarhana çorbas?. Delicacy soups are the ones that are usually not the part of the daily diet, such as ??kembe soup and paça çorbas?, although the latter also used to be consumed as a nutritious winter meal. Before the popularisation of the typical Turkish breakfast, soup was the default morning meal for some people. The most common soups in Turkish cuisine are:

Bread

• Bazlama
• Gözleme
• M?s?r ekme?i (corn bread)
• Lava?
• Pide (a broad, round and flat bread made of wheat flour)
• Simit (known as "gevrek" in Izmir, another type of ring-shaped bread covered with sesame seeds. Simit is commonly eaten in Turkey, plain or with cheese, butter or marmalade).
• Yufka a round and flat bread, made of wheat flour, thinner than pide.

Pastries

Turkish cuisine has a range of savoury and sweet pastries. Dough based specialties form an integral part of traditional Turkish cuisine.

The use of layered dough is rooted in the nomadic character of early Central Asian Turks. The combination of domed metal sa? and oklava (the Turkish rod-style rolling pin) enabled the invention of the layered dough style used in börek (especially in su böre?i, or 'water pastry', a salty baklava-like pastry with cheese filling), güllaç and baklava.

Börek is the general name for salty pastries made with yufka (a thicker version of phyllo dough), which consists of thin layers of dough. Su böre?i, made with boiled yufka/phyllo layers, cheese and parsley, is the most frequently eaten. Çi? börek (also known as Tatar böre?i) is fried and stuffed with minced meat. Kol böre?i is another well-known type of börek that takes its name from its shape, as do fincan (coffee cup), muska (talisman), Gül böre?i (rose) or Sigara böre?i (cigarette). Other traditional Turkish böreks include Tala? böre?i (phyllo dough filled with vegetables and diced meat), Puf böre?i. Laz böre?i is a sweet type of börek, widespread in the Black Sea region.

Po?aça is the label name for dough based salty pastries. Likewise çörek is another label name used for both sweet and salty pastries.

Gözleme is a food typical in rural areas, made of lavash bread or phyllo dough folded around a variety of fillings such as spinach, cheese and parsley, minced meat or potatoes and cooked on a large griddle (traditionally sa?).

Katmer is another traditional rolled out dough. It can be salty or sweet according to the filling. Katmer with pistachio and kaymak is a sweet food and one of the most popular breakfast items in Gaziantep.

Lahmacun (meaning dough with meat in Arabic) is a thin flatbread covered with a layer of spiced minced meat, tomato, pepper, onion or garlic.

Pide, which can be made with minced meat (together with onion, chopped tomatoes, parsley and spices), kashar cheese, spinach, white cheese, pieces of meat, braised meat (kavurma), sucuk, past?rma or/and eggs put on rolled-out dough, is one of the most common traditional stone-baked Turkish specialities.

Açma is a soft bread found in most parts of Turkey. It is similar to simit in shape, is covered in a glaze, and is usually eaten as a part of breakfast or as a snack.

Pilav and pasta

Vegetarian dishes

Vegetable dishes

A vegetable dish can be a main course in a Turkish meal. A large variety of vegetables are used, such as spinach, leek, cauliflower, artichoke, cabbage, celery, eggplant, green and red bell peppers, string bean and jerusalem artichoke. A typical vegetable dish is prepared with a base of chopped onions, carrots sautéed first in olive oil and later with tomatoes or tomato paste. The vegetables and hot water will then be added. Quite frequently a spoon of rice and lemon juice is also added. Vegetable dishes usually tend to be served with its own water (the cooking water) thus often called in colloquial Turkish sulu yemek (literally "a dish with juice"). Minced meat can also be added to a vegetable dish but vegetable dishes that are cooked with olive oil (zeytinya?l?lar) are often served cold and do not contain meat. Spinach, leek, string bean and artichoke with olive oil are among the most widespread dishes in Turkey.

Dolma is the name used for stuffed vegetables. Like the vegetables cooked with olive oil as described above dolma with olive oil does not contain meat. Many vegetables are stuffed, most typically green peppers (biber dolmas?), eggplants, tomatoes, or zucchini/courgettes (kabak dolmas?), vine leaves (yaprak dolmas?). If vine leaves are used, they are first pickled in brine. However, dolma is not limited to these common types; many other vegetables and fruits are stuffed with a meat or rice mixture. For example, artichoke dolma (enginar dolmas?) is an Aegean region specialty. Fillings used in dolma may consist of parts of the vegetable carved out for preparation, rice with spices or minced meat.

Mercimek köfte, although being named köfte, does not contain any meat. Instead, red lentil is used as the major ingredient together with spring onion, tomato paste etc.

Imam bayildi is a version of karn?yar?k with no minced meat inside. It can be served as a meze as well.

Fried eggplant and pepper is a common summer dish in Turkey. It is served with yogurt or tomato sauce and garlic.

Mücver is prepared with grated squash/courgette or potatoes, egg, onion, dill or cheese and flour. It can be either fried or cooked in the oven.

Pilaf can be served either as a side dish or main dish but bulgur pilav? (pilav made of boiled and pounded wheat - bulgur) is also widely eaten. The dishes made with kuru fasulye (white beans), nohut (chickpeas), mercimek (lentils), börülce (black-eyed peas), etc., combined with onion, vegetables, minced meat, tomato paste and rice, have always been common due to being economical and nutritious.

Tur?u is pickle made with brine, usually with the addition of garlic. It is often enjoyed as an appetizer. It is made with a large variety of vegetables, from cucumber to courgette. In the towns on the Aegean coast, the water of tur?u is consumed as a drink. It comes from the Persian "Torshi", which refers to pickled "Torsh" (sour) vegetables.

Egg dishes

• Menemen consists of scrambled eggs cooked in tomato, green pepper, and can be onion and garlic.
• Ç?lb?r is another traditional Turkish food made with poached eggs, yogurt and oil.
• Ispanakl? yumurta consists of eggs with spinach and onion.
• Kaygana can be described as something of a cross between the pancake and the omelet in Ottoman cuisine. It used to be served with cheese, honey, crushed nuts, or eggplant. However, it is almost forgotten in the big cities of Turkey.

Meze and salads

Meze is a selection of food served as the appetizer course with or without drinks. Some of them can be served as a main course as well.

Aside from olive, mature ka?ar kashar cheese, white cheese, various mixed pickles tur?u, frequently eaten Turkish mezes include:

• Ac?l? ezme - hot spicy freshly mashed tomato with onion and green herbs
• Acuka (also known as muhammara) - a spread having both Circassian and Syrian origins, prepared with from Aleppo pepper paste, ground walnuts, tomato paste, bread crumbs, garlic, and spices
• Arnavut ci?eri (literally "Albanian liver") - fried liver cubes served with onion, parsley and hot pepper
• Roka (arugula) salad
• Patl?can salatas? - eggplant salad
• Piyaz - white bean or potato salad with onion and vinegar
• ?ak?uka or in another version köpo?lu - fried and chopped eggplants and peppers served with garlic yogurt or tomato sauce
• Bakla ezmesi - hummus prepared from broad bean
• Barbunya pilaki - borlotti beans cooked with garlic, tomato paste, carrot and olive oil
• Borani
• Börek - very thin dough layers stuffed with cheese, meat or vegetables
• Cac?k - cucumber with yogurt, dried mint and olive oil
• Cevizli biber - a meze prepared with walnut, red pepper, pepper paste, onion and cumin
• Çerkez tavu?u (literally "Circassian chicken")
• Ahtapot (octopus) - On seatowns served as a salad or grilled
• Çi? köfte - raw meat patties, similar to steak tartare, prepared with ground beef (sometimes lamb) and fine-ground bulgur; a vegetarian version using tomato paste is known as etsiz çi? köfte (literally "meatless raw meatballs")
• Çoban salatas? - a mixed salad of tomato, cucumber, onion, green peppers, and parsley
• Deniz börülcesi salatas? (Salicornia europaea, also called common glasswort or marsh samphire)
• Dolma - vine leaves, cabbage leaves, chard leaves, peppers, tomato, squash, pumpkin, eggplant or mussels stuffed with rice or meat
• Fasulye pilaki - white beans cooked with garlic, tomato paste, carrot and olive oil
• Fava - broad/horse bean puree
• Gavurda?? salad
• Hardalotu - mustard plant salad
• Haydari
• Humus (from the Arabic for "chickpea") - a spread prepared from sesame tahini, chickpeas, garlic, olive oil, and lemon juice.
• ?çli köfte (also known as oruk) - served either as a meze or a main dish; especially in the east of Turkey, when it is cooked through boiling in a pot, içli köfte is served as a main dish
• Kabak çiçe?i dolmas? - stuffed zucchini blossoms, a kind of dolma
• Kalamar (calamari) - fried or grilled, served with tarator sauce
• Karides (shrimp) - served as a salad, grilled, or stewed with vegetables in a güveç (a casserole)
• K?s?r (also known as 'sarma içi') - a very popular meze or side dish prepared with fine-ground bulgur, tomato paste, parsley, onion, garlic, sour pomegranate juice and a lot of spices
• K?zartma, various fried vegetables (eggplants, peppers, courgettes) served with yogurt or tomato-and-garlic sauce
• Köfte - meatballs
• Lakerda - picked bonito traditionally served with raki at taverns
• Muhammara: see Acuka
• Oruk: see ?çli köfte
• Semizotu (summer purslane) salad - served with yogurt
• S?gara bore?? - feta or hot dogs wrapped in phyllo dough and fried
• Soslu patl?can - cubed eggplant served in a sauce of olive oil and tomato
• Tarama - a spread made with fish roe
• Turp otu salad
• Zeytin piyazi - olives and green onion salad

Dolma and sarma

Dolma is a verbal noun of the Turkish verb dolmak 'to be stuffed(or filled)', and means simply 'stuffed thing'. Sarma is also verbal noun of the Turkish verb sarmak 'to be wrapped(or hugged)', and means simply 'wrapped leafs'. Dolma and sarma has a special place in Turkish cuisine. It can be eaten either as a meze or a main dish. It can be cooked either as a vegetable dish or meat dish. If a meat mixture is put in, it is usually served hot with yogurt and spices such as oregano and red pepper powder with oil. If the mixture is only vegan recipe it should only have olive oil rice or bulgur and some nuts and raisins inside especially blackcurrant.

Zeytinya?l? yaprak sarmas? (stuffed leafs with olive oil) is the sarma made with vine leaves stuffed with a rice-spice mixture and cooked with olive oil. This type of dolma does not contain meat, is served cold and also referred to as sarma, which means "wrapping" in Turkish. Dried fruit such as blackcurant; raisins, figs or cherries and cinnamon and allspice used to be added into the mixture to sweeten zeytinya?l? dolma in Ottoman cuisine. Vine leaves (yaprak) could be filled not only with rice and spices but also with meat and rice, etli yaprak sarma, in which case it was often served hot with yogurt. The word sarma is also used for some types of desserts, such as f?st?k sarma (wrapped pistachio).

Melon dolma along with quince or apple dolma was one of the palace's specialties (raw melon stuffed with minced meat, onion, rice, almonds, cooked in an oven). In contemporary Turkey, a wide variety of dolma is prepared. Although it is not possible to give an exhaustive list of dolma recipes, courgette ("kabak"), aubergine ("patl?can"), tomato ("domates"), pumpkin ("balkaba??"), pepper ("biber"), cabbage ("lahana") (black or white cabbage), chard ("paz?") and mussel ("midye") dolma constitute the most common types. Instead of dried cherries in the palace cuisine, currants are usually added to the filling of dolma cooked in olive oil. A different type of dolma is mumbar dolmas?, for which the membrane of intestines of sheep is filled up with a spicy rice-nut mixture.

Meat dishes

• Consisted of chicken or lean veal, Döner kebap is a common Turkish fast food.
• Tantuni (similar to dürüm, meat cut in very small pieces, served with lavash, a specialty from the Mersin province of Turkey)
• Kuzu güveç (lamb cooked in earthenware casserole)
• Past?rmal? kuru fasulye (white kidney bean stew with past?rma)
• Kuzu kapama (spring lamb stewed)
• Ha?lama (boiled lamb with vegetables and lemon juice)
• Kavurma which means frying, roasting or parching in Turkish, is generally used for roasted lamb or a variety of fried meat dishes. Çoban kavurma is a variety of it, prepared with diced lamb with tomatoes, onions, mushrooms, peppers and herbs. Kavurma is one of the favorite dishes of Ramadan.
• Alinazik, a home-style Turkish kebab variety which is a specialty of the Gaziantep province.
• Hünkârbe?endi (the name means that the sovereign/sultan liked it, the dish consists of a puree of grilled eggplant with ka?ar cheese, topped with cubed lamb meat)
• Türlü (a stew of vegetables and meat cooked in güveç-casserole)
• Külbast?
• Ankara tava (pilav with lamb)
• Elbasan tava
• Tand?r (without adding any water, the meat is cooked very slowly with a special technique)
• ?ncik (lamb shank cooked in the oven)
• Boraniye (broad bean/spinach/squash boraniye, vegetables cooked together with meat, yogurt and chickpea)
• Karn?yar?k (split-belly eggplant) (eggplants are cut off and fried. Then they are filled with minced meat, onion, garlic and tomato paste and cooked in the oven)
• Köfte (meatball) is another meat dish in Turkey. The word köfte is sometimes preceded by the name of a town, which refers to the technique for cooking it or the ingredients or spices specifically used in that region, for example; ?negöl köftesi, ?zmir köfte, Akçaabat köfte, pideli köfte (Bursa), Filibe köfte, Tire köfte, Islama köfte (mainly in Sakarya province) etc. Its main ingredients are minced meat, parsley, bread-egg (not necessarily, usually homemade köfte contains egg yolk and some crumbled bread) and a range of spices: cumin, oregano, mint powder, red or black pepper powder with onion or garlic. Kad?nbudu köfte is another traditional speciality; minced meat is mixed with cooked rice and fried. Içli köfte can be described as a shell of "bulgur" filled with onion, minced meat and nuts. Çi? köfte is a meze from south-eastern Turkey meaning raw meatballs, prepared with "bulgur" and raw minced meat. Terbiyeli Sulu Köfte is another meatball speciality cooked with flour, tomato paste and water in which lemon and egg sauce is added.
• Sucuk is a form of raw sausage (made with beef meat and a range of spices, and garlic) commonly eaten with breakfast. Instead of classical sausages (sosis), sucuk is the most used ingredient for snacks and fast-food style toasts and sandwiches in Turkey.
• Past?rma is another famous beef delicacy. Both past?rma and sucuk can be put in kuru fasulye (dry beans) to enrich the aroma. Both can be served as a meze as well. Sucuk or past?rma with scrambled eggs, served in a small pan called sahan, is eaten at breakfast in Turkey.
• Kokoreç (the intestines of sheep) with spices is a traditional low-price fast food in Turkey.
• Liver is fried in Turkish cuisine. "Arnavut ci?eri" (meaning Albanian liver), served with onion and sumac, is usually eaten as a meze, in combination with other mezes such as fava. "Edirne ci?eri" is another famous liver dish from Edirne. Liver is first frozen so that it can be cut into very thin layers. After being cut off, liver layers are fried.
• Kelle (roasted sheep's head)
• Kuzu etli enginar (artichokes with lamb)
• Etli taze fasulye (green beans stew with meat)
• Etli bamya (okra with meat)
• ??kembeli nohut (chickpea with tripe)
• Piliç dolma (stuffed chicken with spice filling)

Kebabs

Kebab refers to a great variety of meat-based dishes in Turkish cuisine. Kebab in Turkey encompasses not only grilled or skewered meats, but also stews and casseroles.

• Adana kebap or k?yma kebab? - kebab with hand-minced meat mixed with chili on a flat wide metal skewer (shish); associated with Adana region although very popular all over Turkey.
• Ali Pa?a kebab?, "Ali Pasha kebab" - cubed lamb with tomato, onion and parsley wrapped in phillo.
• Alinazik kebab - Ground meat kebab sautéed in a saucepan, with garlic, yogurt and eggplants added.
• Bahç?van kebab?, 'gardener's kebab' - Boneless lamb shoulder mixed with chopped onions and tomato paste.
• Beyti kebab - Ground lamb or beef, seasoned and grilled on a skewer, often served wrapped in lavash and topped with tomato sauce and yogurt, traced back to the famous kebab house Beyti in ?stanbul and particularly popular in Turkey's larger cities.
• Bostan kebab? - Lamb and aubergine casserole.
• Bu?u kebab?, "steamed kebap" - cooked in low heat until the meat releases its moisture and reabsorbs it.
• Ca? kebab, 'spoke kebab' - Cubes of lamb roasted first on a ca? (a horizontal rotating spit) and then on a skewer, a specialty of Erzurum region with recently rising popularity.
• Ci?erli ka??t kebab?, 'liver paper kebab' - Lamb liver kebab mixed with meat and marinated with thyme, parsley and dill.
• Çardak kebab?, 'arbor kebab' - Stuffed lamb meat in a crêpe.
• Çökertme kebab? - Sirloin veal kebap stuffed with yogurt and potatoes.
• Çömlek kebab?, 'earthenware bowl kebab' - Meat and vegetable casserole (called a güveç in Turkish) with eggplant, carrots, shallots, beans, tomatoes and green pepper.
• Çöp ?i? small skewer kebab" - a specialty of Selçuk and Germencik near Ephesus, pounded boneless meat with tomatoes and garlic marinated with black pepper, thyme and oil on wooden skewers.
• Döner kebab
• Hünkâri kebab?, 'Sultan's kebab' - Sliced lamb meat mixed with patl?can be?endi (aubergine purée), basil, thyme and bay leaf.
• ?skender kebap - döner kebap served with yogurt, tomato sauce and butter, originated in Bursa. The kebab was invented by ?skender Efendi in 1867. He was inspired from Ca? kebab and turned it from horizontal to vertical.
• ?slim kebab?, 'steamed kebab' - Another version of the aubergine kebab without its skin, marinated in sunflower oil.
• Ka??t kebab? - Lamb cooked in a paper wrapping.
• Kuyu kebab?, 'pit kebab' - Prepared from the goat it is special for Ayd?n region, similar to tand?r kebab?.
• Kuzu incik kebab?, 'lamb shank kebab' - Lamb shanks mixed with peeled eggplants and chopped tomatoes, cream, salt and pepper.
• Kuzu ?i? - Shish prepared with marinated milk-fed lamb meat.
• Köfte kebap or Shish köfte - minced lamb meatballs with herbs, often including parsley and mint, on a stick, grilled.
• Manisa kebab? - This Manisa region version of the kebab is smaller and flat size shish meat on the sliced pide bread, flavored with butter, and stuffed with tomato, garlic and green pepper.
• Orman kebab?, 'forest kebab' - Lamb meat on the bone and cut in large pieces mixed with carrots, potatoes and peas.
• Patates kebab?, 'potato kebab' - Beef or chicken mixed with potatoes, onions, tomato sauce and bay leaves.
• Patl?can kebab?, 'aubergine kebab' - Special kebap meat marinated in spices and served with eggplant (aubergine), hot pide bread and a yogurt sauce.
• Ramazan kebab?, 'Ramadan kebab' - Meat mixed with yogurt, tomato and garlic stuffed with fresh mint or garnish on Pide bread.
• Shish kebab - Prepared with fish, lamb or chicken meat on thin metal or reed rods, grilled.
• ?i? tavuk or Tavuk ?i? - Yogurt-marinated chicken grilled on a stick
• Sivas kebab? - Associated with the Sivas region, similar to Tokat kebab but especially lamb ribs are preferred and it also differs from Tokat kebab? on the point that there are no potatoes inside.
• Susuz kebap, 'waterless kebab' - Cooked after draining excess fluid from the meat rubbed with salt and cinnamon in saucepan.
• Tala? kebab?, 'sawdust kebab' - Diced lamb, mixed with grated onions, brown meat mixed with flour dough.
• Tand?r kebab?, 'tandoor kebab' - Lamb pieces (sometimes a whole lamb) baked in an oven called a tand?r, which requires a special way of cooking for hours. Served with bread and raw onions.
• Tas kebab?, 'bowl kebab' - Stewed kebab in a bowl, beginning with the cooking of the vegetables in butter employing a method called yaga vurmak, ("butter infusion"), before the meat itself is cooked in the same grease.
• Testi kebab?, 'earthenware-jug kebab' - Ingredients are similar to çömlek kebab?, prepared in a testi instead of a güveç, generally found in Central Anatolia and the Mid-Western Black Sea region.
• Tokat kebab? - Associated with the Tokat region, it is made with veal marinated in olive oil, aubergine, tomatoes, potatoes, onion, garlic and special pita bread.
• Urfa kebab? - is similar to Adana kebab?, but not that spicy.

Fish

Turkey is surrounded by seas which contain a large variety of fish. Fish are grilled, fried or cooked slowly by the bu?ulama (poaching) method. Bu?ulama is fish with lemon and parsley, covered while cooking so that it will be cooked with steam. The term pilâki is also used for fish cooked with various vegetables, including onion in the oven. In the Black Sea region, fish are usually fried with thick corn flour. Fish are also eaten cold; as smoked (isleme) or dried (çiroz), canned, salted or pickled (lâkerda). Fish is also cooked in salt or in dough in Turkey. Paz?da Levrek is a seafood speciality which consists of sea bass cooked in chard leaves. In fish restaurants, it is possible to find other fancy fish varieties like bal?k dolma (stuffed fish), bal?k iskender (inspired by ?skender kebap), fishballs or fish en papillote. Fish soup prepared with vegetables, onion and flour is common in coastal towns and cities. In Istanbul's Eminönü and other coastal districts, grilled fish served in bread with tomatoes, herbs and onion is a popular fast food. In the inner parts of Turkey, trout alabal?k is common as it is the main type of freshwater fish. Popular seafood mezes at coastlines include stuffed mussels, fried mussel and fried kalamar (squid) with tarator sauce.

Popular sea fish in Turkey include:

• anchovy hamsi
• sardine sardalya
• bonito palamut
• gilt-head bream çupra or çipura
• red mullet barbun(ya)
• sea bass levrek
• whiting or bakalyaro
• haddock mezgit
• swordfish k?l?ç bal?g?
• turbot kalkan
• red pandora mercan
• Jack mackerel 'istavrit'
• white grouper lagos
• bluefish lüfer

Desserts

One of the world-renowned desserts of Turkish cuisine is baklava. Baklava is made either with pistachios or walnuts. Turkish cuisine has a range of baklava-like desserts which include ?öbiyet, bülbül yuvas?, saray sarmas?, sütlü nuriye, and sar? burma.

Kadaif ('Kaday?f') is a common Turkish dessert that employs shredded yufka. There are different types of kadaif: tel (wire) or Burma (wring) kaday?f, both of which can be prepared with either walnuts or pistachios.

Although carrying the label "kaday?f", ekmek kaday?f? is totally different from "tel kaday?f" (see [1]). Künefe and ekmek kaday?f? are rich in syrup and butter, and are usually served with kaymak (clotted/scrambled butter). Künefe contains wire kaday?f with a layer of melted cheese in between and it is served hot with pistachios or walnuts.

Among milk-based desserts, the most popular ones are muhallebi, su muhallebisi, sütlaç (rice pudding), ke?kül, kazandibi (meaning the bottom of "kazan" because of its burnt surface), and tavuk gö?sü (a sweet, gelatinous, milk pudding dessert quite similar to kazandibi, to which very thinly peeled chicken breast is added to give a chewy texture). A speciality from the Mediterranean region is haytal?, which consists of pieces of starch pudding and ice cream (or crushed ice) put in rose water sweetened with syrup.

Helva (halva): un helvas? (flour helva is usually cooked after someone has died), irmik helvas? (cooked with semolina and pine nuts), yaz helvas? (made from walnut or almond), tahin helvas? (crushed sesame seeds), kos helva, pi?maniye (floss halva).

Other popular desserts include; Revani (with semolina and starch), ?ekerpare, kalburabasma, dilber duda??, vezir parma??, han?m göbe?i, kemalpa?a, tulumba, zerde, hö?merim, paluze, irmik tatl?s?/peltesi, lokma.

Güllaç is a dessert typically served at Ramadan, which consists of very thin, large dough layers put in milk and rose water, served with pomegranate seeds and walnuts. A story is told that in the kitchens of the Palace, those extra thin dough layers were prepared with "prayers", as it was believed that if one did not pray while opening phyllo dough, it would never be possible to obtain such thin layers.

A?ure can be described as a sweet soup containing boiled beans, wheat and dried fruits. Sometimes cinnamon and rose water is added when being served. According to legend, it was first cooked on Noah's Ark and contained seven different ingredients in one dish. All the Anatolian peoples have cooked and are still cooking a?ure especially during the month of Muharrem.

Some traditional Turkish desserts are fruit-based: ayva tatl?s? (quince), incir tatl?s? (fig), kabak tatl?s? (pumpkin), elma tatl?s? (apple) and armut tatl?s? (pear). Fruits are cooked in a pot or in an oven with sugar, carnations and cinnamon (without adding water). After being chilled, they are served with walnuts or pistachios and kaymak.

Homemade cookies/biscuits are commonly called kurabiye in Turkish. The most common types are ac?badem kurabiyesi (prepared only with eggs, sugar and almonds), un kurabiyesi (flour kurabiye) and cevizli kurabiye (kurabiye with walnuts). Another dough based dessert is ay çöre?i.

Tahin-pekmez is a traditional combination especially in rural areas. Tahin is sesame paste and pekmez is grape syrup. These are sold separately and mixed before consumption.

Lokum (Turkish delight), which was eaten for digestion after meals and called "rahat hulkum" in the Ottoman era, is another well-known sweet/candy with a range of varieties.

Cezerye, cevizli (walnut) sucuk (named after its sucuk/sujuk like shape, also known as Churchkhela in Circassian region) and pestil (fruit pestils) are among other common sweets.

Marzipan badem ezmesi or f?st?k ezmesi (made of ground pistachios) is another common confection in Turkey.

Another jelly like Turkish sweet is macun. Mesir macunu of Manisa/?zmir (which was also called "nevruziye" as this macun was distributed on the first day of spring in the Ottoman Palace) contains 41 different spices. It is still believed that "mesir macunu" is good for health and has healing effects. As with lokum, nane macunu (prepared with mint) used to be eaten as a digestive after heavy meals. Herbs and flowers having curative effects were grown in the gardens of Topkap? under the control of the chief doctor "hekimba??" and pharmacists of the Palace who used those herbs for preparing special types of macun and sherbet.

There are also several types of ice creams based on salep powder or Cornstarch with Rose water such as Dondurma (Turkish gum ice cream), dried fruit ice cream, ice cream rose petals.

Dried fruit, used in dolma, pilav, meat dishes and other desserts is also eaten with almonds or walnuts as a dessert. Figs, grapes, apricots are the most widespread dried fruits.

Kaymak (clotted cream-butter) is often served with desserts to cut through their sweetness.

Turkish tea or Turkish coffee, with or without sugar, is usually served after dinner or more rarely together with desserts.

Street food

• fried mussels, stuffed mussels midye
• fresh walnuts taze ceviz
• gözleme a very thin stuffed flat bred similar to paratha, fillings can include any combination of spiced potato, feta, spinach and ground meat
• kokoreç
• kumpir a baked potato served with ka?ar cheese and many other toppings
• lokma
• roasted corn közde m?s?r
• roasted chesnuts kestane
• simit

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Beverages

Alcoholic beverages

Although the majority of Turks profess the Islamic religion, alcoholic beverages are as widely available as anywhere. However, some Turks abstain from drinking alcohol during the holy month of Ramadan. Rak? (pronounced [?a'k?]) is the most popular alcoholic drink in Turkey. It is considered as the national alcoholic beverage of Turkey. There are a few local brands of lager such as Bomonti, Marmara34 and Efes Pilsen and a small selection of international beers that are produced in Turkey such as Skol, Beck's, Miller, Foster's, Carlsberg and Tuborg.

There are a variety of local wines produced by Turkish brands such as Sevilen, Kavakl?dere, Doluca, Corvus, Kayra, Pamukkale and Diren which are getting more popular with the change of climatic conditions that affect the production of wine. A range of grape varieties are grown in Turkey. For the production of red wine, the following types of grapes are mainly used; in the Marmara Region, Pinot noir, Adakaras?, Papazkaras?, Semillion, Kuntra, Gamay, Cinsault; in the Aegean Region, Carignane, Çalkaras?, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Alicante Bouschet; in the Black Sea Region and the eastern part of the country, Öküzgözü, Bo?azkere; in Central Anatolia, Kalecik Karas?, Papazkaras?, Dimrit; in the Mediterranean Region, Sergi Karas?, Dimrit. As for white wine, the grapes can be listed as follows; in the Marmara Region, Chardonnay, Riesling, Semillion, Beylerce, Yap?ncak; in the Aegean Region, muscat and semillion; in the Black Sea Region, Narince; in Central Anatolia, Emir, Hasandede (for further info http://www.hayyam.com/uzumler/index.php). In addition to mass production, it is quite popular to produce wines in private farms and sell them in the locality. Visitors can find different "home made" wines in Central Anatolia (Kapadokya/Cappadocia region - Nev?ehir), the Aegean coast (Selçuk and Bozcaada (an island in the Aegean Sea)).

Non-alcoholic beverages

At breakfast and all day long Turkish people drink black tea (çay). Tea is made with two teapots in Turkey. Strong bitter tea made in the upper pot is diluted by adding boiling water from the lower. Turkish coffee (kahve) is usually served after meals or with dessert.

Ayran (yogurt drink) is the most common cold beverage, which may accompany almost all dishes in Turkey, except those with fish and other seafood. It's a mix of yogurt and water, similar to lassi. It may be served with salt, according to taste.

?algam suyu (mild or hot turnip juice) is another important non-alcoholic beverage which is usually combined with kebabs or served together with rak?.

Boza is a traditional winter drink, which is also known as millet wine (served cold with cinnamon and sometimes with leblebi).

Sahlep is another favorite in winter (served hot with cinnamon). Sahlep is extracted from the roots of wild orchids and may be used in Turkish ice cream as well. This was a popular drink in western Europe before coffee was brought from Africa and came to be widely known.

Limonata (lemonade) is very popular. It is traditionally served with baklava and other sweets. Sometimes lemonade is served with strawberry flavoring. This is called ç?lekl? l?monata.

Sherbet (Turkish ?erbet, pronounced [?e?'bet]) is a syrup which can be made from any of a wide variety of ingredients, especially fruits, flowers, or herbs. Examples include pears, quinces, strawberries, apples, cornelian cherry, pomegranates, oranges, rose petals, rose hips, or licorice and spices. Sherbet is drunk diluted with cold water.

In classical Turkish cuisine, ho?af (from the Persian "Khosh-ab", meaning "fresh water") alternatively accompanies meat dishes and pilav (pilaf).

Related cuisines

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See also

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References

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Bibliography

• Budak, Süheyl, Antakya Mutfa??, Hatay 2008, OCLC 705454123 (1996 edition)
• Antakya-cuisine with Süheyl Budak and 75 ladies
• Gürsoy, Deniz, Turkish Cuisine in Historical Perspective, Istanbul, 2006, ISBN 975-329-564-2.
• Hal?c?, Nevin, Konya Yemek Kültürü ve Konya Yemekleri, Istanbul 2005, ISBN 975-6021-16-0.
• Hal?c?, Nevin, Sufi Cuisine, Saqi 2005.
• Lambraki, Mirsini & Ak?n, Engin, Ayn? Sofrada ?ki Ülke, Türk ve Yunan Mutfa??, Istanbul 2003, ISBN 975-458-484-2.
• Roden, Claudia, A New Book of Middle Eastern Food, 2000, ISBN 0-14-046588-X.
• ?avkay, Turgut, Halk Mutfa??m?z Geleneksel Tatlar?m?zdan Seçmeler, Istanbul 2005, ISBN 975-98180-2-7.
• ?avkay, Turgut, Turkish Cuisine, Istanbul 2003, ISBN 975-285-114-2
• Ünsal, Artun & Süt, Uyuyunca, Türkiye Peynirleri, Istanbul, ISBN 975-363-755-1.
• Ünsal, Artun & Silivrim, Kaymak, Türkiye'nin Yo?urtlar?, Istanbul 2007, ISBN 978-975-08-1276-7.
• Yerasimos, Marianna, Osmanl? Mutfa??, Istanbul 2002; published in English as 500 Years of Ottoman Cuisine.
• Zubaida, Sami & Tapper, Richard, A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East, London and New York, 1994 and 2000, ISBN 1-86064-603-4.

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External links

• Turkish Cultural Foundation - Turkish Cuisine Portal
• Cornucopia recipe index - Cookery Listing
• "Turkish Cousine" (Study In Turkey)

Source of article : Wikipedia